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The science of how Messi keeps the ball close to himself photo credit: ZaleDesigns Messi is a magician with the ball at his feet. He's in my opinion the best player in the sense that he can control the ball so well, runs so fast with the ball & changes the direction at full speed like it's a walk in the park. For starters he started playing very early (at 3) which is crucial if you want to be a good player. In that aspect, he's God gifted as he had dribble skills which is genetic in my opinion. Height He is short which means a low center of gravity so it's difficult to push him off the ball. That's why we see that anyone rarely can topple him down, instead players much larger than him lose possession to him. So his short height suits his style of play & is a blessing in disguise. Change of pace Messi changes his pace really well. He starts slow and runs directly at the defender which means the defender has to stop & focus on him. When he reac...

The science behind Lionel Messi’s Greatness What was Lionel Messi’s childhood like Lionel Messi started playing football as a boy and was noticed by clubs on both sides of the Atlantic. When he was 13, his family relocated to  Barcelona . He played for  FC Barcelona ’s under-14 team, quickly graduating through the higher-level teams until his informal debut at age 16 with FC Barcelona in a friendly match. What are Lionel Messi’s achievements? Lionel Messi scored 73 goals during the 2011–12 season while playing for  FC Barcelona , breaking a 39-year-old record for single-season goals in a major European football league. In 2014 Messi led Argentina to the  World Cup  final for the first time in 24 years; Argentina lost, but Messi won the Golden Ball award as the tournament’s best player. During the 2016 Copa América Centenario tournament, he netted his 55th international goal to break  Gabriel Batistuta ’s Argentine scoring record. He led Arg...

WHAT REALLY HAPPENED TO THE DINOSAURS One day 66 million years ago, an asteroid the size of a mountain struck near the Yucatán Peninsula with an explosive force equivalent to 100 trillion tons of TNT. In that cataclysmic instant, the 165-million-year reign of the dinosaurs came to an end. The asteroid theory of the dinosaurs’ demise was first suggested in 1980. More than a decade later, the identification of the Chicxulub Crater in the Gulf of Mexico established where and when. Using an impact calculator developed by geophysicists from Purdue University and Imperial College London, researchers obtained a pretty good idea of what occurred at the moment of impact and immediately after—what is known as the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) extinction event. The asteroid struck the Earth at 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometres) per hour, creating a crater more than 115 miles across and instantly vaporizing thousands of cubic miles of rock. Any creature close enough to witness the strike was immediate...

Did humans and dinosaurs live at the same time? What if humans and dinosaurs really coexisted? This question is an easy one to answer — and it’s an unfortunate, but firm, no (with one notable exception). Humans and non-avian dinosaurs never shared planet Earth together. We did not ride them, nor keep them as pets or harness them for domestic labor. The data here are quite solid. The non-avian dinosaurs died out 66 million years ago, likely when an asteroid struck Earth and the ensuing cataclysm wiped out a large percentage of life on the planet. This included almost every large organism, and most of the small ones as well. In the aftermath, one relatively humble group was able to carve out a much larger footprint for itself: the mammals. These were the creatures that would one day lead to us, after much evolutionary progress and most of the 60-odd million years separating us from the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Humans and Dinosaurs Timeline At some point in the past half-dozen mill...

SpaceX is embarking on a bold new adventure: making rocket fuel out of thin air. "SpaceX is starting a program to take CO2 out of atmosphere & turn it into rocket fuel," CEO Elon Musk tweeted on Monday. "Please join if interested." Such a process — using in-situ resources to generate fuel — could have great implications during our transition to becoming interplanetary, according to Musk. "Will also be important for Mars," he added in a follow-up tweet. Carbon Appetit It's particularly a pertinent topic for SpaceX's operations, given that its workhorse Falcon 9 rocket emits plenty of CO2 when it launches. And it's not quite as far fetched as it sounds. Using a new technique called "direct air capture" (DAC), SpaceX could suck in thousands of tons of carbon dioxide to turn it into a source of fuel, Bloomberg reports. Iceland recently started operations at the world's largest DAC plant, sucking up to 4,400 tons of CO2...

Chemistry - Zinc Introduction In the periodic table, zinc is the first element of group 12. The symbol of zinc is  ‘Zn’  and the atomic number is  ‘30.’ In terms of availability, zinc is the 24 th  most abundant element found in the Earth's crust and it has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), which is a zinc sulfide mineral. Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, the German chemist, first discovered the pure metallic zinc in 1746. Interestingly, alchemists burned zinc in the air and form something different thing and they named that  "philosopher's wool"  or " white snow ." Salient Features of Zinc Zinc’s color is bluish-white and it is lustrous and diamagnetic metal. Zinc metal is normally hard and brittle; however, at when the temperature increases from 100 0 C, it becomes malleable. When temperature increases 210 0 C, then the zinc metal again becomes brittle and can be pulverized easily by beating. Zinc is a conductor of ele...

Chemistry - Platinum Introduction Platinum is a malleable, ductile, dense, and highly unreactive chemical element. The symbol of platinum is  ‘Pt’  and its atomic number is  ‘78.’ The name of platinum is derived from a Spanish term i.e. ‘platina,’ which means " little silver ." Platinum is the most precious and the rarest metal (element) on the earth. Salient Features of Platinum Following are the important features of the platinum − Platinum is a silver white metal. Platinum is an element of group 10 of the periodic table. Platinum is one of the rarest elements in the crust of the earth. Platinum is one of the least reactive elements. Platinum has six natural isotopes. Platinum is one of the most highly valuable and precious metals. Platinum is characteristically resists corrosion in all conditions. Because of this reason, it is considered as noble metal. Platinum is normally insoluble in nitric and hydrochloric acid, but dissolves in hot  aqua regia . After dissolv...

Chemistry - Gold Introduction Gold is a bright, reddish yellow, soft, dense, malleable, and ductile metal naturally found in the earth’s crust. The symbol of gold is  ‘Au’  and atomic number is  ‘79.’ Gold is (chemically) a transition metal and belongs to group 11 of the periodic table. Salient Features of Gold Gold, which remains in a solid state under standard conditions, is the least reactive element. Gold is resistant to most of the acids. Gold does dissolve in aqua regia; aqua regia is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. However, gold is insoluble in nitric acid. Gold usually dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide. Cyanide solutions are commonly used in mining and electroplating. Gold also dissolves in mercury and forms  ‘amalgam alloys.’ Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature. Occurrence of Gold Gold commonly occurs as a free element i.e. in the natural form. Gold occurs as nuggets or else found in in rocks, grains, in veins, and in ...

Chemistry - Copper Introduction Copper is a soft, ductile, and malleable metal. Copper has very high thermal and electrical conductivity. The symbol of copper is  ‘Cu’  and atomic number is  ’29.’ Copper is known to people since (about) c. 8000 BC. Copper is the first metal, which was smelted from its ore around c. 5000 BC. Salient Features of Copper Copper was the first metal that cast into a shape (in a mold). Copper was the first metal that successful alloyed with another metal, e.g. copper alloyed with tin and resultantly bronze is prepared. It is done about c. 3500 BC. First metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. 3500 BC. Copper has a natural reddish-orange color; it is visible once the its surface is exposed. Copper is a very good conductor of electricity and heat. Copper is an element of group 11 of the periodic table. Copper normally does not react with water; however, it does react slowly with atmospheric oxygen and form a ...

Chemistry - Iron Introduction Iron is the most common element found in largely in outer as well inner core of the earth. The symbol of iron is  ‘Fe’  and atomic number is  ‘26.’ Iron is one of the earliest known elements that is being used by human beings. Salient Features of Iron Following are the major features of iron − Pure iron element is soft, ductile, and malleable. The boiling point of iron ranges between 1533 0 C and 2450 0 C. Iron easily gets attracted towards magnet. In dry air, iron remains inactive and does not react (with air); however, in moist air, it reacts and forms rust. Pure iron normally does not react with pure water; however, it reacts easily with ordinary of polluted water and rust forms. Iron reacts with halogen and Sulphur to form halide and sulphide accordingly. Occurrence of Iron The inner and outer cores of the earth are largely made up of iron and nickel. Most likely, iron is the most abundantly available element of the earth; however, it is ...

Chemistry - Magnesium Introduction Magnesium is a shiny gray solid element. The symbol of magnesium is  ‘Mg’  and atomic number is  ‘12.’ With approximately 80% of the world market share, China is the largest supplier of magnesium. Salient Features of Magnesium The density of magnesium is two-thirds the density of aluminum. Among all the alkali metals of the Earth, magnesium has lowest melting point (i.e. about 1,202 0 F) and lowest boiling point (about 1,994 0 F). Magnesium usually reacts with water at room temperature. Sometimes, magnesium is also used as an igniter for thermite. Magnesium, when burns in air, produces a brilliant-white light, which also includes strong ultraviolet wavelengths. Magnesium, when burns, it produces intense bright and white light (see image given above). Occurrence of Magnesium By mass, magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element found in the Earth's crust. Magnesium is found usually in large deposits of magnesite, dolomite, and other such...

Chemistry - Metallurgy The branch of science and technology that studies the properties of metals and their production and purification is known as  metallurgy . Naturally occurring solid inorganic substance is known as a  mineral . Naturally occurring solid material from which valuable mineral or metal can be extracted is known as  ore . The following table illustrates the major elements and their ores − Element Ores Chemical Composition Aluminum Bauxite Al 2 O 3 2H 2 O Corundum Al 2 O 3 Kryolite Na 3 AlF 6 Dyspore Al 2 O 3 .H 2 O Copper Copper Pyrite CuFeS 2 Malachite 2CuCO 3 Cu(OH) 2 Iron Hematite Fe 2 O 3 Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 Siderite FeCO 3 Sodium Sodium Carbonate Na 2 CO 3 Sodium Chloride NaCl Sodium Nitrate NaNO 3 Sodium Sulphate Na 2 SO 4 Potassium Potassium Chloride KCl Potassium Carbonate K 2 CO 3 Potassium Nitrate KNO 3 Magnesium Magnesite MgCO 3 Dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 Epsom Salt MgSO 4 Calcium Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 Tin Cassiterite SnO 2 Lead Galena PbS Ceruss...

Physics - Gravitation Introduction All celestial bodies those found in the universe attract each other and the force of attraction among these bodies is called as the  gravitational force . Universal Law of Gravitation Every object in the universe has the property to attract every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (see the image given below). F  = force of attraction between two the objects ‘A’ & ‘B’ M  = mass of ‘A’ m  = mass of ‘B’ d 2  = the square of the distance between ‘A’ & ‘B’ G  = is the constant of proportionality and is known as the universal gravitation constant. The SI unit of G is  N m 2  kg –2 . It is obtained by substituting the units of force, distance and mass (as given in the following equation − $$G = \frac{Fd^2}{M \times m}$$ Henry Cavendish had calculated the value of  ‘G’  as  6.6...

 Force and Pressure Introduction When an object is either pushed or a pulled is known as a force. Motion, generated in an object, is because of an action of a force. The applied force makes the table move in a given direction. The strength of a force is commonly expressed by the magnitude. Force also has direction; likewise, if the magnitude or direction changes, it directly affects the force. If the force is applied in the direction opposite to the direction of motion, then it results in a decrease in the speed of the object. If an object is in motion, then external force may change in the state or direction of motion of that object. The state of motion of an object is explained by its speed and the direction of motion. The state of  ‘rest’  of an object is considered to be the zero speed, as − An object cannot move by itself. An object cannot change its speed by itself. An object cannot change its direction by itself. An object cannot change by itself. A force may make ...

Fats Introduction Fat is a significant foodstuff for many forms of life. Fats serve structural as well as metabolic functions. The fats are molecules made up of glycerol and fatty acid. Fat is an organic compound of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. Based on the number and bonding of the carbon atoms, fats and oils, are categorized in the aliphatic chain. fats and oil Functions of Fats Following are the major functions of Fats − Fat is a vital dietary requirement. The fat is usually the stored source of energy in the body that remained store beneath the skin. Fat acts a protective layer especially in the human body and provide protection. Some of the vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K are fat-soluble, which means they can only be absorbed, digested, and transported in conjunction with the fats. Fats actively help in maintaining the healthy skin and hair. Fats insulate body organs against external shock. Fats also maintain body temperature. Fats promote healthy cell...

 Proteins proteins Introduction Proteins, which are basically biomolecules, play wide range of functions in the body of a living organism. Proteins are made up of tiny elements of different types of amino acids. A sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is known particularly by the sequence of a gene; gene is encoded in the genetic code. After formation, proteins exist for a fixed period of time and are then degraded and recycled. The proteins get recycled by the cell's machinery by the process of protein turnover. Most of the proteins contain linear polymers made up of series of up to 20 different L-α-amino acids. The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are connected by peptide bonds (see the image given below). The peptide bond, usually, has two resonance forms, which contribute some double-bond characters. Protein Structure Most of the proteins illustrate unique 3-dimensional structures (see image given below). protein enzyme combining However, proteins have not a rigid stru...

Carbohydrate Introduction Consisting of oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H), carbohydrate is a biological molecule. Carbohydrate is one of the essential elements for the living organisms, as it plays various important roles. carbohydrates Carbohydrate is the main source of energy, as about two-third energy requirement of living beings is fulfilled by it. Glucose, sugar, and starch are the important examples of carbohydrate. Source of Carbohydrate Carbohydrates naturally are occurring in wide variety of foods, such as − Wheat Maize Rice Potatoes Sugarcane Fruits Table sugar Bread Milk Sugar that we eat in our everyday life is mainly sucrose (table sugar). Sucrose is added in many food items while preparing, e.g. jam, biscuits, cakes, energy drinks, etc. Further, many fruits naturally contain glucose and fructose. Glycogen is another type of carbohydrate that found in the liver and muscle. Cellulose found in the cell wall of plant cells is carbohydrate. Types of Carbohydrate The fol...

 Branches of Biology branches of biology The following table illustrates the different branches of biology with their brief description − Branch Studies Anatomy Study of the internal structure of an organism Aerobiology Study of airborne microorganisms Agronomy Study of soil management and crop production Agrostology Study of grasses Araneology Study of spiders Actinobiology Study of the effects of radiation upon living organisms Angiology Study of the diseases of the circulatory system and of the lymphatic system Bioinformatics of collecting and analyzing complex biological data including genetic codes through computer technology Biotechnology Use of cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products, which ultimately help to improve human lives and the health of the planet. Biochemistry Study of chemical and physio-chemical processes and substances, which occur within the living organisms. Batrachology Study of amphibians including frogs and toads Bioclimato...

Blood Group Introduction Based on the presence and absence of antibodies, the blood is classified into different groups. Further, while classification, the presence and absence of the inherited antigenic substances also considered. different blood groups The types of blood groups are inherited and represent contributions from both the father and the mother. ABO Blood Group System In human blood, usually, there are two antigens and antibodies. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are remaining in the red blood cells, whereas the antibodies are found in the serum. Based on the antigen property, the blood group of all human beings can be classified as − Blood Group A  − antigen A and antibody B Blood Group B  − antigen B and antibody A Blood Group AB  − antigen A and antigen B and no antibody Blood Group O  − no antigen, but antigen A as well as antibody B Consideration of the ABO system is the most...

WEIRD SCIENCE FACTS FOR YOU okay you have studied a lot and is time to take some break with some amazing facts. hope you enjoy yourself. Today i started adding image facts  to our website because i have observed that student perform better when they take a break from studies and do something abstract   OXYGEN BRAIN SURGERY